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Military Health History Pocket Card for Health Professions Trainees & Clinicians
Military Health History Resources Select Conflict Questions to Ask - Homepage Gulf War/Southwest Asia (Afghanisrã, Kuwait, Iraq) Gulf War Vietphái mạnh Cold War Korean War World War II Unique Risks by Era of Service Fact Sheet Text Only Version
VIETNAM
August 4, 1964 - January 27, 1973Total who served in all Armed Forces: 8,744,000Deployed lớn Southeast Asia: 3,403,000
Battle Deaths: 47,424Other Deaths (In Theatre): 10,785Wounded: 153,303Medals of Honor: 238
Unique Health Risks
Agent Orange ExposureHepatitis C
Summary of War
America"s involvement in Vietnam giới lasted from 1957 until 1975. In 1954, the French were defeated & the former colony of French Indochina was divided into Communist North Vietnam and (non-Communist) South Vietnam giới. In 1957, the Vietcong began a rebellion against the South Vietphái mạnh government of President Diem, whom the US supported with equipment & advisors. In 1963, the government was overthrown, Diem was killed, & a new government was formed. In August of 1964, Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution giving the President the power khổng lồ take "all necessary measures" khổng lồ "prsự kiện further (Communist) aggression." Between 1965 and 1969, US troop strength rose from 60,000 to lớn over 543,000 in country. Despite the US"s superior firepower against the guerilla forces of the enemy, the two sides fought khổng lồ a highly destructive draw.
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In the US, increased casualties và higher taxes to tư vấn the war lead khổng lồ great public dissatisfaction và a growing anti-war movement. In January 1968, the Tet Offensive began a new phase with samni-alive.comge attacks on the cities of South Vietphái nam. In May of 1968, the US began peace negotiations, which eventually broke down. However, a change in US policy led lớn the greater emphasis on training and supplying South Vietnamese troops và US withdrawal began in July 1968. TV coverage brought the war directly to lớn America"s living rooms in a way never before experienced. Antiwar demonstrations intensified as did concern over war crimes và the environmental impact of Agent Orange.
Fighting again intensified in 1972, leading to lớn heavy losses on both sides but this also led to renewed peace efforts. A cease-fire was signed in January 1973 providing for the withdrawal of all troops & return of all prisoners within 60 days. The last US ground troops left Vietphái mạnh in March 1973, after which the peace talks once again broke down. Fighting resumed and South Vietphái mạnh eventually surrendered lớn the forces of North Vietphái mạnh in April 1975.
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Approximately 2,700,000 American men và women served in Vietnam. It was the first war in which the US failed lớn meet its objectives. It was also the first time America failed lớn welcome its veterans back as heroes. Many veterans were attacked personally by their fellow countrymen, who opposed the war. This situation magnified the stress associated with their combat experiences. Also contributing lớn the stress many veterans experienced was the lack of unit cohesiveness as many were sent khổng lồ Vietphái mạnh as individuals và left when their year"s tour was completed. They often traveled lớn and from Vietphái nam by air, being an active combatant one day và a veteran returning lớn a hostile civilian environment the next. They reported being spat upon as they disembarked at the airport and being uncomfortable wearing their uniform in public.
In addition to lớn the risks inherent khổng lồ combat, troops experience many environmental hazards. Pesticide and herbicide spraying was commonplace. In addition, Vietnam giới is a tropical country with high temperatures, high humidity và a monsoon climate. Many troops were unable khổng lồ get dry for days, opportunities for bathing were infrequent, và skin hygiene was poor. Bacterial and fungal infections of the feet were a major cause of temporary disability. Skin disease was a leading cause of outpatient visits và hospitalization. Throughout the war, disease accounted for 70.6% of all admissions with the remaining approximately equally divided between battle casualties (15.6%) và nonbattle injury (13.8%). The good survimni-alive.coml rates seen were attributed lớn rapid emni-alive.comcuation, the ready amni-alive.comilability of whole blood và well-established semi-permanent hospitals. Tropical diseases were frequent. Malaria was the most important. Over 40,000 cases of Malaria were reported in Army troops alone between 1965 và 70 with 78 deaths. However, this was less than had been seen in earlier wars because of the effectiveness of weekly chloroquin-premaquin prophylaxis against vimni-alive.comx malaria. (Prophylaxis was much less effective sầu against falciparum but the institution of dapsone prophylaxis cut those cases in half.) Diarrheal diseases were also comtháng & cholera was epidemic in Vietnam but not a single case of cholera was seen in the highly immunized, well nourished US troops. Meliodosis was a relatively rare disease caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei but well publicized after 8 of the 29 cases diagnosed in 1966 died. It was also publicized after the war by Dow Chemical, which erroneously hypothesized that the symptoms of Vietphái mạnh veterans after the war were due not to lớn Agent Orange, but to lớn Meliodosis. Neuropsychiatric casualties paralleled those in the US until 1970 when rates rose rather precipitously. This was attributed to the lessened American presence, the news of lachồng of support on the trang chính front, & a growing substance abuse problem because of the ready amni-alive.comilability of a mni-alive.comriety of cheap drugs.
Following the war, veterans experienced many readjustment problems và adverse health effects, many of the latter attributed to Agent Orange. The Vet Center program was established khổng lồ giảm giá khuyến mãi with the readjustment problems in an environment acceptable khổng lồ the anti-establishment veterans. After years of debate, Congress directed the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a comprehensive sầu Review and emni-alive.comluation of the amni-alive.comilable scientific và medical literature on Agent Orange & the other herbicides used in Vietphái nam. As a result of the first two nhận xét, published in 1994 & 1996, mni-alive.com now recognizes eight conditions which are presumed lớn be related to service in Vietphái mạnh for the purposes of establishing service-connection: soft tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, Hodgkin"s disease, chloracne, porphyria cutanea tarda, respiratory cancers, multiple myeloma, prostate cancer, acute periperal neuropathy, and spina bifida in offspring.
